القواعد التسعة المنطقية Nine Rules of Logic
Rule #1: modus ponens
1. P implies Q
2. P
_____________
3. Q
Rule #2: modus tollens
1. P implies Q
2. Not Q
_____________
3. Not P
Rule #3: Hypothetical Syllogism
1. P implies Q
2. Q implies R
_____________
3. P implies R
Rule #4: Conjunction
1. P
2. Q
_____________
3. P & Q
Rule #5: Simplification
1. P & Q 1. P & Q
_____________ _______________
2. P 2. Q
Rule #6: Absorption
1. P implies Q
_____________
2. P implies (P & Q)
Rule #7: Addition
1. P
_____________
2. P or Q
Rule #8: Disjunctive Syllogism
1. P or Q 1. P or Q
2. Not P 2. Not Q
_____________ ________________
3. Q 3. P
Rule #9: Constructive Dilemma
1. (P implies Q) & (R implies S)
2. P or R
_____________
3. Q or S
المرجع
Craig, William Lane. Moreland, J.P. Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Pages 30-39.
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